Coding-theorem Like Behaviour and Emergence of the Universal Distribution from Resource-bounded Algorithmic Probability

Previously referred to as `miraculous' in the scientific literature because of its powerful properties and its wide application as optimal solution to the problem of induction/inference, (approximations to) Algorithmic Probability (AP) and the associated Universal Distribution are (or should be) of the greatest importance in science. Here we investigate the emergence, the rates of emergence and convergence, and the Coding-theorem like behaviour of AP in Turing-subuniversal models of computation. We investigate empirical distributions of computing models in the Chomsky hierarchy. We introduce measures of algorithmic probability and algorithmic complexity based upon resource-bounded computation, in contrast to previously thoroughly investigated distributions produced from the output distribution of Turing machines. This approach allows for numerical approximations to algorithmic (Kolmogorov-Chaitin) complexity-based estimations at each of the levels of a computational hierarchy. We demonstrate that all these estimations are correlated in rank and that they converge both in rank and values as a function of computational power, despite fundamental differences between computational models. In the context of natural processes that operate below the Turing universal level because of finite resources and physical degradation, the investigation of natural biases stemming from algorithmic rules may shed light on the distribution of outcomes. We show that up to 60\% of the simplicity/complexity bias in distributions produced even by the weakest of the computational models can be accounted for by Algorithmic Probability in its approximation to the Universal Distribution.Comment: 27 pages main text, 39 pages including supplement. Online complexity calculator: http://complexitycalculator.com

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constraints on the physical realizability of a mathematical constructio

An Adaptive Computational Intelligence Approach to Personalised Health Assessment and Immune Age Characterisation from Common Haematological Markers

We introduce an approach to creating a simulated digital twin of the health of an individual based on a learning adaptive algorithm that learns the optimal reference values of the blood panel over time and associates an immune age score to compare with where if the biological age is lower than the score, an indication of wellness is provided. The score may also be useful for classification purposes. We demonstrate its efficacy against real and synthetic data from medically relevant cases, extreme cases, and empirical blood cell count data from 100K data records in the CDC NHANES survey that spans 13 years, from 2003 to 2016. We find that the score we introduce is informative when distinguishing healthy individuals from those with diseases, both self-reported and abnormal blood tests manifested, providing an entry-level score for patient triaging. We show that the score varies over time and is correlated with biological age, leading to the definition of an immune age as the inverse function of this relationship when different sets of analytes are taken only based on the results of an FBC or CBC test, providing clinical evidence of its potential relevance to the results of the CBC test, providing precision medicine and for personalised predictive healthcare.Comment: 30 pages + appendi

Towards a Formalization of a Framework to Express and Reason about Software Engineering Methods

Software Engineering is considered a knowledge-intensive discipline, in which knowledge creation, collection and sharing is an uninterrupted process. However, a large part of this knowledge exists in a tacit form and depends on practitioners. Therefore defining a mechanism to transform tacit knowledge into explicit one is of upmost importance. This paper presents a formalization approach to represent Software Engineering practitioners' tacit knowledge, which is related to their ways of working, as a set of explicit statements. The formalization is based on KUALI-BEH, which is a normative kernel extension of ESSENCE formal specification, and consists of three parts: an ontology to share a common representation of knowledge as a set of concepts; a Situational Method Engineering based algebra that represents well-defined method properties and operations; and a knowledge representation of the ontology and algebra using Description Logics. The main objectives of this initial formalization are to improve communication among humans and machines, computational inference and reuse of knowledge

Rendimiento de semilla e índice de llenado de grano en diversos ecotipos de tres especies del género Brachiaria

The aim of this study was to characterize variability in seed production and quality of three species of the genus Brachiaria, at Isla, Veracruz, México. Twelve Brachiaria brizantha (Trin.) Griseb, nine B. decumbens Stapf. and six B. humidicola (Rendle) Schweick ecotypes were studied. Plots were fertilized with 100 kg ha-1 of N and 50 kg ha-1 of P2O5, in the rainy season. Reproductive tiller density (RTD), crude (CSP) and classified seed yield (CLSY) and seed dormancy were measured. Filling grain index (FGI) and productive efficiency were used as yield indicators. Ecotypes were allocated in a completely randomized block design. Classified seed production of 16549 and 6387 B. brizantha ecotypes was 139 and 151 kg ha-1, respectively. In B. decumbens and B. humidicola the ecotypes 16497 and 6133 with 262 and 345 kg ha-1 of CLSP were the most productive. Commercial controls Insurgente, Chontalpo and Chetumal produced 32, 106 and 21 kg ha-1 of CLSY, respectively. These yields represented 21, 40 and 6 % of CLSY of the best ecotypes within each specie. There was not a direct relationship between CLSY and RTD, hence both are independent characters, which makes FGI a variable attribute in this genus. Seed dormancy did not show significant differences (P>0.05). Reproductive tiller density management in Brachiaria ecotypes with higher FGI, and the use of available genetic diversity are an alternative to increase the classified seed yield.Para caracterizar la variabilidad en rendimiento y calidad de semilla de varios ecotipos de tres especies del género Brachiaria, se realizó esta investigación, en condiciones de temporal, en Isla, Ver., México. Se evaluaron 12 ecotipos de B. brizantha (Trin.) Griseb, 9 de B. decumbens Stapf. y 6 de B. humidicola (Rendle) Schweick, fertilizados con 100 y 50 kg ha-1 de N y P2O5, respectivamente. Se midió la densidad de tallos florales, el rendimiento de semilla cruda, y clasificada (RSCLA), así como el rompimiento de latencia. Se analizaron índices de llenado de semilla y eficiencia productiva como indicadores de rendimiento. Los ecotipos se distribuyeron en un diseño en bloques al azar. El RSCLA en B. brizantha fue mayor (P0.05) en el rompimiento de latencia. El manejo de la DTF, en ecotipos de Brachiaria con mayor eficiencia de llenado, y la disponibilidad de recursos genéticos, son una alternativa para incrementar el redimiento de semilla cruda dosificada

Crecimiento en longitud foliar y dinámica de población de tallos de cinco asociaciones de gramineas y leguminosa bajo pastoreo

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la elongación, crecimiento, senescencia, peso y dinámica de tallos de cincoasociaciones conformadas por dos gramíneas y una leguminosa sembradas en diferentes proporciones. Se evaluaron cinco tratamientos: 4:3:3; 4:6:0; 4:0:6; 4:4:2 y 4:2:4 de trébol blanco-ovillo-ballico perenne, los cuales se distribuyeron en 20 unidades experimentales de 104 m2, en un diseño en bloques completos al azar. La mayor elongación ycrecimiento neto de la hoja de las especies evaluadas fue en verano, con 7.1 y 6.53 cm tallo-1 d-1, para el pasto ovillo, y 7 y 6.7 cm tallo-1 d-1, para ballico perenne; en trébol blanco no existió diferencia en el recambio de tejido foliar y del peciolo en verano y primavera (P>0.05). El mayor peso de tallos de ballico perenne y ovillo se registró en verano (0.38 g-1 tallo-1) y las mayores densidades en la época de invierno (9,961 y 10,423 tallos m-2), respectivamente. El recambio de tejido de las especies evaluadas presentó marcada estacionalidad, siendo más dinámico en verano que en otoño. La asociación de tres especies permitió una mayor dinámica en comparación con la asociación de dos especies

Comportamiento productivo del pasto ovillo (Dactylis glomerata L.) en respuesta al pastoreo

The aim of this study was to determine the yield variation patterns in orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) under grazing management. This study was performed in Montecillo, Texcoco state, Mexico from June 2005 to July 2006. Three grazing frequencies (21, 28 and 35 days) and two grazing intensities (5-7 and 9-11 cm residual sward high) were evaluated in a completely random block design with three replicates. The variables grass yield, seasonal distribution, growth rate, botanical and morphological composition and tiller population density were all evaluated. A 35 day-grazing frequency produced the highest yield (P<0.05). Independently of the grazing intensity and its frequency the seasonal yield was: 49.5, 31.6, 14.1 and 4.8% for spring, summer, winter and fall, respectively. The highest growth rate was registered during spring when grazing occurred every 35 days, and the lowest during autumn when grazing occurred every 28 days (P<0.01). During winter grazing only occurred every 21 days, and this may have led to 60% contribution to total yield by other species. Results also suggest that tiller density was not affected by grazing intensity and frequency on tiller population density.El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los patrones de variación en los componentes de la productividad forrajera del pasto ovillo (Dactylis glomerata L.) bajo pastoreo. En Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, México, de junio 2005 a junio 2006, se estudió la combinación de tres frecuencias (21, 28 y 35 días) y dos intensidades (5-7 y 9-11 cm) en el forraje residual de pastoreo, en un diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. Se evaluó el rendimiento anual y la distribución estacional de forraje, tasa de crecimiento, composición botánica y morfológica y densidad de tallos. La frecuencia de pastoreo de 35 días superó a las de 21 y 28 (P<0,05) en el rendimiento anual, durante primavera y verano. Independientemente de la frecuencia e intensidad de pastoreo, el rendimiento estacional se distribuyó de la siguiente forma: 49,5, 31,6, 14,1 y 4,8% para primavera, verano, invierno y otoño, respectivamente. La mayor tasa de crecimiento se registró en primavera al pastorear cada 35 días y la menor en otoño al pastorear cada 28 días (P<0,01). Durante invierno se dio mayor presencia de otras especies, siendo el pastoreo cada veintiún días a una intensidad ligera el que originó un aporte al rendimiento de otras especies del 60%. No se presentaron efectos de intensidad ni de frecuencia de pastoreo en la densidad de tallos. El mayor rendimiento y tasa de crecimiento se obtuvieron al pastorear cada 35 días